Godan verb (む)
含むふくむ
fukumu含む (ふくむ, fukumu) — to contain — is a godan verb ending in む: 含んで (te-form), 含んだ (past), 含まない (negative), 含みます (polite).
It is transitive: it takes a direct object. It also means to comprise; to have.
How 含む conjugates · godan む-verb
Only the last kana changes: む becomes ま, み, め or も.
Which one depends on the ending. The five are one line of the hiragana chart — same consonant, vowels あ・い・う・え・お — and everything before that kana never changes.
ま含まないnegative
み含みますpolite present
む含むdictionary form
め含めるpotential含めばif
も含もうvolitional
The て and た forms · む → んで, んだ
ん含んでte-form含んだpast
The て and た forms are the only two that don't follow this pattern. Every む-, ぶ- and ぬ-verb has the same んで there.
N2 N tags give the JLPT level at which the game starts quizzing a form.
Aa Dimmed forms are too rare in everyday Japanese for the game to quiz.
PLAIN
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| present | 含む ふくむ fukumu | |
| past It contained something. | 含んだ ふくんだ fukunda | |
| negative It doesn't include it. | 含まない ふくまない fukumanai | |
| te-form It contains something and … | 含んで ふくんで fukunde | |
| past negative | 含まなかった ふくまなかった fukumanakatta | |
| volitional | 含もう ふくもう fukumou | |
| potential | 含める ふくめる fukumeru | |
| cond. ば If it includes it, ... | 含めば ふくめば fukumeba | |
| cond. たら | 含んだら ふくんだら fukundara | |
| passive N2 It is included. | 含まれる ふくまれる fukumareru | |
| causative N2 I make it contain something. | 含ませる ふくませる fukumaseru | |
| imperative N1 | 含め ふくめ fukume |
POLITE
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| present | 含みます ふくみます fukumimasu | |
| past It contained something. | 含みました ふくみました fukumimashita | |
| negative It doesn't include it. | 含みません ふくみません fukumimasen | |
| past negative | 含みませんでした ふくみませんでした fukumimasendeshita | |
| volitional | 含みましょう ふくみましょう fukumimashou |
ASPECT
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| ている It contains something. | 含んでいる ふくんでいる fukundeiru | |
| ていた It included it. | 含んでいた ふくんでいた fukundeita | |
| ています It contains something. | 含んでいます ふくんでいます fukundeimasu | |
| ていました It included it. | 含んでいました ふくんでいました fukundeimashita |