Godan verb (む)
慎むつつしむ
tsutsushimu慎む (つつしむ, tsutsushimu) — to be careful — is a godan verb ending in む: 慎んで (te-form), 慎んだ (past), 慎まない (negative), 慎みます (polite).
It is transitive: it takes a direct object. It also means to be discreet.
How 慎む conjugates · godan む-verb
Only the last kana changes: む becomes ま, み, め or も.
Which one depends on the ending. The five are one line of the hiragana chart — same consonant, vowels あ・い・う・え・お — and everything before that kana never changes.
ま慎まないnegative
み慎みますpolite present
む慎むdictionary form
め慎めるpotential慎めばif
も慎もうvolitional
The て and た forms · む → んで, んだ
ん慎んでte-form慎んだpast
The て and た forms are the only two that don't follow this pattern. Every む-, ぶ- and ぬ-verb has the same んで there.
Aa Dimmed forms are too rare in everyday Japanese for the game to quiz.
PLAIN
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| present | 慎む つつしむ tsutsushimu | |
| past I held back on it. | 慎んだ つつしんだ tsutsushinda | |
| negative I don't hold back on it. | 慎まない つつしまない tsutsushimanai | |
| te-form I exercise restraint and … | 慎んで つつしんで tsutsushinde | |
| past negative | 慎まなかった つつしまなかった tsutsushimanakatta | |
| volitional Let's hold back on it. | 慎もう つつしもう tsutsushimou | |
| potential | 慎める つつしめる tsutsushimeru | |
| cond. ば If I hold back on it, ... | 慎めば つつしめば tsutsushimeba | |
| cond. たら | 慎んだら つつしんだら tsutsushindara | |
| passive It gets held back. | 慎まれる つつしまれる tsutsushimareru | |
| causative I make someone hold back on it. | 慎ませる つつしませる tsutsushimaseru | |
| imperative Show some restraint! | 慎め つつしめ tsutsushime |
POLITE
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| present | 慎みます つつしみます tsutsushimimasu | |
| past I held back on it. | 慎みました つつしみました tsutsushimimashita | |
| negative I don't hold back on it. | 慎みません つつしみません tsutsushimimasen | |
| past negative | 慎みませんでした つつしみませんでした tsutsushimimasendeshita | |
| volitional Let's hold back on it. | 慎みましょう つつしみましょう tsutsushimimashou |
ASPECT
| Form | Conjugation | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| ている I'm holding back on it. | 慎んでいる つつしんでいる tsutsushindeiru | |
| ていた I was holding back on it. | 慎んでいた つつしんでいた tsutsushindeita | |
| ています I'm holding back on it. | 慎んでいます つつしんでいます tsutsushindeimasu | |
| ていました I was holding back on it. | 慎んでいました つつしんでいました tsutsushindeimashita |